Tuesday, January 20, 2009
Saturday, November 8, 2008
Two Wheelers in India
India is the 2nd largest twowheeler
market in the world The feeling of freedom and being one with the Nature comes only from riding a two-wheeler. Indians prefer the two wheelers because of their small manageable size, low maintenance, and pricing and easy loan repayments. Indian streets are full of people of all age groups riding a two-wheeler. Motorized two wheelers are seen as a symbol of status by the populace. Thus, in India, we would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed: the two-wheeler.
Two-Wheeler Industry in India: An IntroductionThe Indian two-wheeler industry has been in the limelight recently because of its impressive performance. Hero Honda has been the largest manufacturer of motorcycles in the world for quite some time. Its motorcycle model Splendor has also been the largest selling model in the world. The last few years have also seen a large quantity of two-wheelers being exported. In neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, the Indian two-wheeler manufacturers have captured the market. Even in Africa and South America Indian motorcycles have been well received. Some of the Indian manufacturers like TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto are in the process of setting up assembly and manufacturing plants. The number of models being introduced by Indian two-wheeler manufacturers every year is also high. At this crucial juncture when the Indian two-wheeler industry is making its mark in the global market, this book ?Two-Wheeler Industry in India ? An Introduction? will make interesting reading. The book has been divided into three sections. The first section traces the evolution of the industry, its growth and the reasons for the industry being competitive. The second section delves into the issues facing the industry and future of the industry. It also throws light on the exports of two-wheelers, Government policies affecting the growth of the industry and electric scooters and motorcycles. The third section discusses the major players, Hero Honda, TVS Motors, Bajaj Auto and Electro herm India.
Indian automobile industry witnessed a growth of 23.37% in 2-wheeler segment. India is the second-largest 2-wheeler manufacturers in the world and also the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the World. Indian 2-wheeler segment includes a range of vehicles such as scooters- geared and ungeared, motorcycles and mopeds. In India there are 7 scooter manufacturers, 9 motorcycle manufacturers, 3 moped manufacturers. Bajaj Auto, Hero Honda, TVS, etc are the leading manufacturers. They have also dominated the global arena after Piaggio. Production in Indian automobile industry During cfinancial year 2005-06, Indian 2-wheeler production showed a growth of 16.40% over the
preceding year. 2-wheeler segment have been showing an upward production trend. At present, there are more than 7.6 million 2-wheeler, manufactured in Indian automobile sector.
Definition of Industry
As per Section 2(j) of Industrial Disputes Act,1947 “Industry” means any systematic activity carried on by co-operation between an employer and his workmen(whether such workmen are employed by such employer directly or by or through any agency, including a contractor) for the production ,supply or distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy human wants or wishes (not being wants or wishes which are merely spiritual or religious in nature), whether or not,-
(i) any capital has been invested for the purpose of carrying on such activity; or
(ii) such activity is carried on with a motive to make any gain or profit, and includes-
(a) any activity of the Dock Labour Board established under section 5-A of the Dock Workers ( Regulation of Employment)Act,1948( 9 of 1948);
(b) any activity relating to the promotion of sales or business or both carried on by an establishment,
History
The Britannica Encyclopedia describes a motorcycle as a bicycle or tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine (or, less often, by an electric engine).The motors on minibikes, scooters, and mopeds, or motorized velocipedes, are usually air-cooled and range from 25 to 250 cubic cm (1.5 to 15 cubic inches) in displacement; the multiple-cylinder motorcycles have displacements of more than 1,300 cubic cm. The automobile was the reply to the 19th-century dream of self-propelling the horse-drawn carriage. Similarly, the invention of the motorcycle created the self-propelled bicycle. The first commercial design was a three-wheeler built by Edward Butler in Great Britain in 1884. This employed a horizontal single-cylinder gasoline engine mounted between two steer able front wheels and connected by a drive chain to the rear wheel.The 1900s saw the conversion of many bicycles, or pedal cycles by adding small, centrally mounted spark ignition engines. There was then felt the need for reliable constructions. This led to road trial tests and competition between manufacturers. Tourist Trophy (TT) races were held on the Isle of Man in 1907 as reliability or endurance races. Such were the proving ground for many new ideas from early two-stroke-cycle designs to supercharged, multivalent engines mounted on aerodynamic, carbon-fibre reinforced bodywork.
Invention of Two Wheelers
The invention of the first two-wheeler is a much-debated issue. "Who invented the first motorcycle?" may seem like a simple question, but the answer is quite complicated. Two-wheelers owe their descent to the "safety" bicycle, i.e., bicycles with front and rear wheels of the same size, with a pedal crank mechanism to drive the rear wheel. Those bicycles, in turn descended from high-wheel bicycles. The high-wheelers descended from an early type of pushbike, without pedals, propelled by the rider's feet pushing against the ground. These appeared around 1800, used iron-banded wagon wheels, and were called "bone-crushers," both for their jarring ride, and their tendency to toss their riders. Gottlieb Daimler (who later teamed up with Karl Benz to form the Daimler-Benz Corporation) is credited with building the first motorcycle in 1885, one wheel in the front and one in the back, although it had a smaller spring-loaded outrigger wheel on each side. It was constructed mostly of wood, the wheels were of the iron-banded wooden-spoked wagon-type, it definitely had a "bone-crusher" chassis! This two-wheeler was powered by a single-cylinder Otto-cycle engine, and may have had a spray-type carburetor. (Wilhelm Maybach
, Daimler's assistant, was working on the invention of the spray carburetor at the time). If two wheels with steam propulsion can be called a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern US in 1867. This was built by one Sylvester Howard Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts. There is an existing example of a Roper machine, dated 1869. A charcoal-fired two-cylinder engine, whose connecting rods directly drive a crank on the rear wheel, powers it. This machine predates the invention of the safety bicycle by many years, so its chassis is also based on the "bone-crusher" bike.
Origin of Motor-Scooters
Edward Butler, an Englishman, built the first motor tricycle in 1884. The first gasoline-engine motorcycle to appear publicly was built by Gottlieb Daimler, of Bad Cannstatt, Germany, in 1885. The French and Belgians, followed by British, German, Italian, and American makers, designed the first practical engines and motorcycles.The popularity of the vehicle grew, especially after 1910. During World War I all branches of the armed forces in Europe, principally for dispatching, used the motorcycle. After the war it enjoyed a sport vogue until the Great Depression began in 1929. After World War II a revival of interest in motorcycles lasted into the late 20th century, with the vehicle being used for high-speed touring and sport competitions.The practice of attaching auxiliary engines to bicycles in western Europe and parts of the United States led to the development during the 1950s of a new type of light motorcycle, the moped. Originating in Germany as a 50-cubic-centimetre machine with simple controls and low initial cost, it was largely free of licensing and insurance regulations except in Great Britain.The more sophisticated motor scooter originated in Italy soon after World War II, led by manufacture of a 125-cubic-centimetre model. Despite strong competition from West Germany, France, Austria, and Britain, the Italian scooters maintained the lead in the diminishing market. The scooter has small wheels from 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches) in diameter, and the rider sits inside the frame. Power units are placed low and close to the rear wheel, which is driven by bevel gearing or chain. Capacities vary from 50 to 225 cubic cm, and four-speed gearing is common.
Initial Hits
Most of the development during this earliest of eras concentrated on three and four-wheeled designs, since it was complex enough to get the machines running without having to worry about them falling over. The next really notable two-wheeler was the Millet of 1892. It used a 5-cylinder engine built as the hub of its rear wheel. The cylinders rotated with the wheel, and its crankshaft constituted the rear axle.The first really successful production two-wheeler though, was the Hildebrand & Wolfmueller, patented in Munich in 1894. It had a step-through frame, with its fuel tank mounted on the downtube. The engine was a parallel twin, mounted low on the frame, with its cylinders going fore-and-aft. The connecting rods connected directly to a crank on the rear axle, and instead of using heavy flywheels for energy storage between cylinder-firing, it used a pair of stout elastic bands, one on each side outboard of the cylinders, to help out on the compression strokes. It was water-cooled, and had a water tank/radiator built into the top of the rear fender.In 1895, the French firm of DeDion-Buton built an engine that was to make the mass production and common use of motorcycles possible. It was a small, light, high revving four-stroke single, and used battery-and-coil ignition, doing away with the troublesome hot-tube. Bore and stroke figures of 50mm by 70mm gave a displacement of 138cc. A total loss lubrication system was employed to drip oil into the crankcase through a metering valve, which then sloshed around to lubricate and cool components before dumping it on the ground via a breather.DeDion-Buton used this 1/2 horsepower power plant in road going tikes, but the engine was copied and used by everybody, including Indian and Harley-Davidson in the U.S. Although a gentleman named Pennington built some machines around 1895 (it's uncertain whether any of them actually ran), the first US production motorcycle was the Orient-Aster, built by the Metz Company in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1898. It used an Aster engine that was a French-built copy of the DeDion-Buton, and predated Indian (1901) by three years, and Harley-Davidson (1902) by four.
TRENDS IN THE TWO-WHEELER INDUSTRYCompanies raising capacity to meet the growing demand All the major two-wheeler manufacturers, viz. Bajaj Auto, HHML, TYS, HMSI and others, have increased their manufacturing capacities in the recent past. The total capacity of these players stood at 7.8 million units per annum (FY2003) as against total market sales of 3.8 million units in FY2002. Most of the players have either expanded capacity, or converted their existing capacities for scooters and mopeds into those for manufacturing motorcycles. The move has been prompted by the rapid growth reported by the motorcycles segment since FY1995.HHML increased the capacity of its plants from 1.8 million units in FY2003 to 2.25 million in FY2004 and has been able to achieve 92% capacity utilisation. In light of the increase in demand for motorcycles, the company plans to set up a new plant. Since its entry in the Indian market during FY2002, HMSI has aggressively expanded its capacity.(need)Two-wheelers Purchase Trend
Growing working population
Increased access to credit and lower interest loans
Increased consumer embrace of financial products
Upward migration of household income levels
Fast paced urbanization to rise from 28% to 40% by 2020
Middle class expanding by 30 - 40 million every year
India is the 2nd largest twowheeler
market in the world The feeling of freedom and being one with the Nature comes only from riding a two-wheeler. Indians prefer the two wheelers because of their small manageable size, low maintenance, and pricing and easy loan repayments. Indian streets are full of people of all age groups riding a two-wheeler. Motorized two wheelers are seen as a symbol of status by the populace. Thus, in India, we would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed: the two-wheeler.
Two-Wheeler Industry in India: An IntroductionThe Indian two-wheeler industry has been in the limelight recently because of its impressive performance. Hero Honda has been the largest manufacturer of motorcycles in the world for quite some time. Its motorcycle model Splendor has also been the largest selling model in the world. The last few years have also seen a large quantity of two-wheelers being exported. In neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, the Indian two-wheeler manufacturers have captured the market. Even in Africa and South America Indian motorcycles have been well received. Some of the Indian manufacturers like TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto are in the process of setting up assembly and manufacturing plants. The number of models being introduced by Indian two-wheeler manufacturers every year is also high. At this crucial juncture when the Indian two-wheeler industry is making its mark in the global market, this book ?Two-Wheeler Industry in India ? An Introduction? will make interesting reading. The book has been divided into three sections. The first section traces the evolution of the industry, its growth and the reasons for the industry being competitive. The second section delves into the issues facing the industry and future of the industry. It also throws light on the exports of two-wheelers, Government policies affecting the growth of the industry and electric scooters and motorcycles. The third section discusses the major players, Hero Honda, TVS Motors, Bajaj Auto and Electro herm India.
Indian automobile industry witnessed a growth of 23.37% in 2-wheeler segment. India is the second-largest 2-wheeler manufacturers in the world and also the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the World. Indian 2-wheeler segment includes a range of vehicles such as scooters- geared and ungeared, motorcycles and mopeds. In India there are 7 scooter manufacturers, 9 motorcycle manufacturers, 3 moped manufacturers. Bajaj Auto, Hero Honda, TVS, etc are the leading manufacturers. They have also dominated the global arena after Piaggio. Production in Indian automobile industry During cfinancial year 2005-06, Indian 2-wheeler production showed a growth of 16.40% over the
preceding year. 2-wheeler segment have been showing an upward production trend. At present, there are more than 7.6 million 2-wheeler, manufactured in Indian automobile sector.
Definition of Industry
As per Section 2(j) of Industrial Disputes Act,1947 “Industry” means any systematic activity carried on by co-operation between an employer and his workmen(whether such workmen are employed by such employer directly or by or through any agency, including a contractor) for the production ,supply or distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy human wants or wishes (not being wants or wishes which are merely spiritual or religious in nature), whether or not,-
(i) any capital has been invested for the purpose of carrying on such activity; or
(ii) such activity is carried on with a motive to make any gain or profit, and includes-
(a) any activity of the Dock Labour Board established under section 5-A of the Dock Workers ( Regulation of Employment)Act,1948( 9 of 1948);
(b) any activity relating to the promotion of sales or business or both carried on by an establishment,
History
The Britannica Encyclopedia describes a motorcycle as a bicycle or tricycle propelled by an internal-combustion engine (or, less often, by an electric engine).The motors on minibikes, scooters, and mopeds, or motorized velocipedes, are usually air-cooled and range from 25 to 250 cubic cm (1.5 to 15 cubic inches) in displacement; the multiple-cylinder motorcycles have displacements of more than 1,300 cubic cm. The automobile was the reply to the 19th-century dream of self-propelling the horse-drawn carriage. Similarly, the invention of the motorcycle created the self-propelled bicycle. The first commercial design was a three-wheeler built by Edward Butler in Great Britain in 1884. This employed a horizontal single-cylinder gasoline engine mounted between two steer able front wheels and connected by a drive chain to the rear wheel.The 1900s saw the conversion of many bicycles, or pedal cycles by adding small, centrally mounted spark ignition engines. There was then felt the need for reliable constructions. This led to road trial tests and competition between manufacturers. Tourist Trophy (TT) races were held on the Isle of Man in 1907 as reliability or endurance races. Such were the proving ground for many new ideas from early two-stroke-cycle designs to supercharged, multivalent engines mounted on aerodynamic, carbon-fibre reinforced bodywork.
Invention of Two Wheelers
The invention of the first two-wheeler is a much-debated issue. "Who invented the first motorcycle?" may seem like a simple question, but the answer is quite complicated. Two-wheelers owe their descent to the "safety" bicycle, i.e., bicycles with front and rear wheels of the same size, with a pedal crank mechanism to drive the rear wheel. Those bicycles, in turn descended from high-wheel bicycles. The high-wheelers descended from an early type of pushbike, without pedals, propelled by the rider's feet pushing against the ground. These appeared around 1800, used iron-banded wagon wheels, and were called "bone-crushers," both for their jarring ride, and their tendency to toss their riders. Gottlieb Daimler (who later teamed up with Karl Benz to form the Daimler-Benz Corporation) is credited with building the first motorcycle in 1885, one wheel in the front and one in the back, although it had a smaller spring-loaded outrigger wheel on each side. It was constructed mostly of wood, the wheels were of the iron-banded wooden-spoked wagon-type, it definitely had a "bone-crusher" chassis! This two-wheeler was powered by a single-cylinder Otto-cycle engine, and may have had a spray-type carburetor. (Wilhelm Maybach
, Daimler's assistant, was working on the invention of the spray carburetor at the time). If two wheels with steam propulsion can be called a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern US in 1867. This was built by one Sylvester Howard Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts. There is an existing example of a Roper machine, dated 1869. A charcoal-fired two-cylinder engine, whose connecting rods directly drive a crank on the rear wheel, powers it. This machine predates the invention of the safety bicycle by many years, so its chassis is also based on the "bone-crusher" bike.
Origin of Motor-Scooters
Edward Butler, an Englishman, built the first motor tricycle in 1884. The first gasoline-engine motorcycle to appear publicly was built by Gottlieb Daimler, of Bad Cannstatt, Germany, in 1885. The French and Belgians, followed by British, German, Italian, and American makers, designed the first practical engines and motorcycles.The popularity of the vehicle grew, especially after 1910. During World War I all branches of the armed forces in Europe, principally for dispatching, used the motorcycle. After the war it enjoyed a sport vogue until the Great Depression began in 1929. After World War II a revival of interest in motorcycles lasted into the late 20th century, with the vehicle being used for high-speed touring and sport competitions.The practice of attaching auxiliary engines to bicycles in western Europe and parts of the United States led to the development during the 1950s of a new type of light motorcycle, the moped. Originating in Germany as a 50-cubic-centimetre machine with simple controls and low initial cost, it was largely free of licensing and insurance regulations except in Great Britain.The more sophisticated motor scooter originated in Italy soon after World War II, led by manufacture of a 125-cubic-centimetre model. Despite strong competition from West Germany, France, Austria, and Britain, the Italian scooters maintained the lead in the diminishing market. The scooter has small wheels from 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches) in diameter, and the rider sits inside the frame. Power units are placed low and close to the rear wheel, which is driven by bevel gearing or chain. Capacities vary from 50 to 225 cubic cm, and four-speed gearing is common.
Initial Hits
Most of the development during this earliest of eras concentrated on three and four-wheeled designs, since it was complex enough to get the machines running without having to worry about them falling over. The next really notable two-wheeler was the Millet of 1892. It used a 5-cylinder engine built as the hub of its rear wheel. The cylinders rotated with the wheel, and its crankshaft constituted the rear axle.The first really successful production two-wheeler though, was the Hildebrand & Wolfmueller, patented in Munich in 1894. It had a step-through frame, with its fuel tank mounted on the downtube. The engine was a parallel twin, mounted low on the frame, with its cylinders going fore-and-aft. The connecting rods connected directly to a crank on the rear axle, and instead of using heavy flywheels for energy storage between cylinder-firing, it used a pair of stout elastic bands, one on each side outboard of the cylinders, to help out on the compression strokes. It was water-cooled, and had a water tank/radiator built into the top of the rear fender.In 1895, the French firm of DeDion-Buton built an engine that was to make the mass production and common use of motorcycles possible. It was a small, light, high revving four-stroke single, and used battery-and-coil ignition, doing away with the troublesome hot-tube. Bore and stroke figures of 50mm by 70mm gave a displacement of 138cc. A total loss lubrication system was employed to drip oil into the crankcase through a metering valve, which then sloshed around to lubricate and cool components before dumping it on the ground via a breather.DeDion-Buton used this 1/2 horsepower power plant in road going tikes, but the engine was copied and used by everybody, including Indian and Harley-Davidson in the U.S. Although a gentleman named Pennington built some machines around 1895 (it's uncertain whether any of them actually ran), the first US production motorcycle was the Orient-Aster, built by the Metz Company in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1898. It used an Aster engine that was a French-built copy of the DeDion-Buton, and predated Indian (1901) by three years, and Harley-Davidson (1902) by four.
TRENDS IN THE TWO-WHEELER INDUSTRYCompanies raising capacity to meet the growing demand All the major two-wheeler manufacturers, viz. Bajaj Auto, HHML, TYS, HMSI and others, have increased their manufacturing capacities in the recent past. The total capacity of these players stood at 7.8 million units per annum (FY2003) as against total market sales of 3.8 million units in FY2002. Most of the players have either expanded capacity, or converted their existing capacities for scooters and mopeds into those for manufacturing motorcycles. The move has been prompted by the rapid growth reported by the motorcycles segment since FY1995.HHML increased the capacity of its plants from 1.8 million units in FY2003 to 2.25 million in FY2004 and has been able to achieve 92% capacity utilisation. In light of the increase in demand for motorcycles, the company plans to set up a new plant. Since its entry in the Indian market during FY2002, HMSI has aggressively expanded its capacity.(need)Two-wheelers Purchase Trend
Growing working population
Increased access to credit and lower interest loans
Increased consumer embrace of financial products
Upward migration of household income levels
Fast paced urbanization to rise from 28% to 40% by 2020
Middle class expanding by 30 - 40 million every year
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